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Tms320c4x Floating Point Processor Pdf 15


TMS320C4x Floating Point Processor: An Overview




The TMS320C4x is a family of 32-bit floating point processors developed by Texas Instruments for digital signal processing and parallel processing applications. The TMS320C4x processors have a high-performance architecture that features a pipelined instruction execution unit, a dual-bus memory system, and six direct memory access (DMA) channels. The TMS320C4x processors also support various parallel processing modes, such as single instruction multiple data (SIMD), multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD), and vector processing.


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Architecture and Features




The TMS320C4x processors have a five-stage instruction pipeline that can execute one instruction per cycle. The pipeline stages are fetch, decode, read, execute, and write. The pipeline can handle conditional and unconditional branches, as well as delayed branches. The pipeline also supports out-of-order execution of instructions, which allows the processor to exploit instruction-level parallelism and improve performance.


The TMS320C4x processors have a dual-bus memory system that consists of a program bus and a data bus. The program bus can access up to 4 GB of external program memory, while the data bus can access up to 4 GB of external data memory. The program bus and the data bus can operate independently and concurrently, which enables the processor to fetch instructions and operands simultaneously. The TMS320C4x processors also have an on-chip cache that can store up to 256 words of instructions or data. The cache is divided into four banks, each of which can be configured as instruction cache or data cache.


The TMS320C4x processors have six DMA channels that can transfer data between the external memory and the internal registers or the cache. The DMA channels can operate in various modes, such as block transfer, burst transfer, scatter-gather transfer, and linked-list transfer. The DMA channels can also perform address arithmetic, data packing and unpacking, and data alignment. The DMA channels can be programmed by the processor or by an external device.


The TMS320C4x processors support several parallel processing modes that allow the processor to execute multiple instructions or operate on multiple data elements at the same time. The parallel processing modes include:


  • SIMD mode: In this mode, the processor can execute the same instruction on two pairs of operands in parallel. For example, the processor can perform two additions or two multiplications in one cycle.



  • MIMD mode: In this mode, the processor can execute two different instructions on two pairs of operands in parallel. For example, the processor can perform an addition and a multiplication in one cycle.



  • Vector mode: In this mode, the processor can operate on a vector of operands in parallel. For example, the processor can perform a dot product or a cross product on two vectors in one cycle.



Applications and Benefits




The TMS320C4x processors are designed for applications that require high-performance floating point computation and parallel processing capabilities. Some of the applications include:


  • Digital signal processing: The TMS320C4x processors can perform various signal processing tasks, such as filtering, modulation, demodulation, encoding, decoding, compression, decompression, encryption, decryption, etc.



  • Image processing: The TMS320C4x processors can perform various image processing tasks, such as edge detection, segmentation, feature extraction, pattern recognition, object tracking, etc.



  • Speech processing: The TMS320C4x processors can perform various speech processing tasks, such as speech synthesis, speech recognition, speech enhancement, speech compression, etc.



  • Scientific computing: The TMS320C4x processors can perform various scientific computing tasks, such as matrix operations, linear algebra, numerical analysis, differential equations, etc.



The benefits of using the TMS320C4x processors include:


  • High performance: The TMS320C4x processors can achieve high performance by exploiting instruction-level parallelism and data-level parallelism through their pipeline architecture and parallel processing modes.



  • Low power consumption: The TMS320C4x processors can reduce power consumption by using dynamic power management techniques that adjust the clock frequency and voltage according to the workload.



  • Easy programming: The TMS320C4x processors can be programmed using C language with extensions for parallel processing. The TMS320C3x/C4x Optimizing C Compiler can generate efficient assembly code for the TMS320C4x processors.



  • Flexible configuration: The TMS320C4x processors can be configured to suit different application requirements by using various cache modes, DMA modes, and parallel processing modes.



References




For more information about the TMS320C4x processors, you can refer to the following documents:


  • TMS320C4x Users Guide: This document describes the TMS320C4x 32-bit floating point processor, its architecture, internal register structure, instruction set, pipeline, specifications, and operation of its six DMA channels.



  • TMS320C3x/C4x Code Generation Tools Getting Started Guide: This document tells you how to install and use the TMS320C3x/C4x floating point DSP code generation tools, such as the compiler, linker, and assembler.



  • TMS320C4x Parallel Runtime Support Library Users Guide: This document tells you how to use the TMS320C4x Parallel Runtime Support Library, which provides functions and macros for parallel processing on the TMS320C4x processors.



Comparison with Other Processors




The TMS320C4x processors are part of the TMS320 family of digital signal processors (DSPs) that Texas Instruments has been developing since 1982. The TMS320 family includes several generations of processors, such as the TMS320C1x, TMS320C2x, TMS320C3x, TMS320C5x, TMS320C6x, and TMS320C7x. Each generation of processors has different features and capabilities, depending on the target applications and market segments.


The TMS320C4x processors are the successors of the TMS320C3x processors, which were introduced in 1988. The TMS320C3x processors were the first DSPs to use a 32-bit floating point arithmetic unit, which enabled them to perform high-precision computations for applications such as radar, sonar, and speech processing. The TMS320C3x processors had a single-bus memory system, a four-stage instruction pipeline, and four DMA channels. The TMS320C3x processors could achieve a peak performance of 40 MFLOPS (million floating point operations per second).


The TMS320C4x processors were introduced in 1991 and offered several improvements over the TMS320C3x processors. The main improvements were:


  • A dual-bus memory system that increased the memory bandwidth and reduced the memory latency.



  • A five-stage instruction pipeline that increased the instruction throughput and reduced the branch penalty.



  • Six DMA channels that increased the data transfer rate and reduced the processor intervention.



  • Various parallel processing modes that increased the data-level parallelism and reduced the computation time.



The TMS320C4x processors could achieve a peak performance of 80 MFLOPS, which was twice as fast as the TMS320C3x processors.


The TMS320C4x processors were followed by the TMS320C5x processors, which were introduced in 1993. The TMS320C5x processors were designed for low-cost and low-power applications, such as consumer electronics, telecommunications, and automotive systems. The TMS320C5x processors had a fixed-point arithmetic unit, which was more suitable for these applications than a floating point unit. The TMS320C5x processors had a single-bus memory system, a three-stage instruction pipeline, and two DMA channels. The TMS320C5x processors could achieve a peak performance of 20 MIPS (million instructions per second).


The TMS320C6x processors were introduced in 1997 and offered a significant leap in performance and functionality over the previous generations of processors. The TMS320C6x processors had a very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, which allowed them to execute up to eight instructions per cycle. The TMS320C6x processors had a dual-bus memory system, an eight-stage instruction pipeline, and eight DMA channels. The TMS320C6x processors also supported both fixed-point and floating point arithmetic units, which made them more versatile for different applications. The TMS320C6x processors could achieve a peak performance of 1600 MIPS or 400 MFLOPS.


The TMS320C7x processors were introduced in 2001 and offered further enhancements over the TMS320C6x processors. The TMS320C7x processors had a modified VLIW architecture, which allowed them to execute up to 16 instructions per cycle. The TMS320C7x processors had a dual-bus memory system, a nine-stage instruction pipeline, and 16 DMA channels. The TMS320C7x processors also supported SIMD mode for both fixed-point and floating point arithmetic units, which increased the data-level parallelism. The TMS320C7x processors could achieve a peak performance of 4800 MIPS or 1200 MFLOPS. Conclusion




The TMS320C4x processors are a family of 32-bit floating point processors that offer high performance and flexibility for digital signal processing and parallel processing applications. The TMS320C4x processors have a pipelined instruction execution unit, a dual-bus memory system, six DMA channels, and various parallel processing modes. The TMS320C4x processors can achieve a peak performance of 80 MFLOPS, which is twice as fast as the previous generation of processors. The TMS320C4x process


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